Ultrafiltration is a low-pressure membrane process used to separate bacteria, viruses, and high molecular weight compounds colloidal and particulate matters from a feed stream. Ultrafiltration has larger pores and high permeability with less osmotic effects that allows ultrafiltration to operate at relatively lower pressure than nanofiltration and reverse osmosis and is therefore it is least costly to operate.

UF is widely used in industry as pretreatment for other forms of purification such as ion exchange and reverse osmosis, gelatin and protein concentration in the pharmaceutical industry, sugar clarification in the food and beverage industry, cheese and whey concentration, production of ultra pure water, clarification of juice, downstream processing, membrane bioreactors, treatment of bleach plant effluents, and recovery of lignin compounds in the pulp and paper industry. UF can be used to reject virus, bacteria, pyrogens, endotoxins, and particulates but not ionic species.

Hollow fiber configuration is widely used in the ultrafiltration processes. The benefit of this construction is that it allows for backwashing of the membrane when the filtrate or product flow rate has decreased due to accumulation of material on the membrane. The ultrafiltration membrane is capable of removing colloidal materials, fine suspensions, bacteria, virus, suspended material and large dissolved molecular weight organic materials.

Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure. This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, which is the natural movement of solvent from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration when no external pressure is applied. The membrane here is semipermeable, meaning it allows the passage of solvent but not of solute.

To illustrate, imagine a semi permeable membrane with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water molecules across the membrane to the fresh water side.

The membranes used for reverse osmosis systems have a dense polymer barrier layer in which separation takes place. Since Reverse Osmosis does not occur naturally, it must be created by applying pressure to the high solids water in order to force it through the membrane, with pressures from 8 - 14 bar for fresh and brackish water, and 40 - 70 bar for seawater, which has around 24 bar (350 psi) natural osmotic pressure which must be overcome.

Demineralisation is the process of removing mineral salts from water by using the ion exchange process. With most natural water sources it is possible to use Demineralisation and produce water of a higher quality than conventional distillation.

Fluid Systems Manufacture a Wide range of custom-built Demineralised Water plant [DM Plant] in India for industrial process water applications, with inherent design to conserve water, and save costs. The DM Plants [Demineralisation Plants] are available in different sizes and materials, manually operated or fully Automatic, & ready to install & are available as standard models or custom built versions for specific needs.

Fluid Systems is an export oriented manufacturing company of Water Softeners in India. Fluid Systems is a leading brand in the field of Water Softeners. This water softening Plants are based on the proven ion exchange process. The Water Softeners are simple in operation, highly efficient and compact units designed to produce soft water efficiently and economically.

Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting the rainwater which used run off from the roof tops, parks, roads. These collected waters can be used for ground recharge through borewell or stored water can be use in future with effective management and conservation. The stored rainwater can be use for human, animal and agriculture need with different filtration techniques depends on application.